A range of medications have emerged as misused and diverted, or are known anecdotally to be used, or already described through the literature or pharmacovigilance datasets, as well as recorded by drug users’ online websites reporting new trends and experimentations of drug abuse.
loperamide, promethazine, antitussive cough syrups), either on their own or in combination with other licit or illicit substances, for recreational purposes. pain relievers, tranquilisers, stimulants, sedatives) and OTC drugs (e.g.
The use of ‘psychoactive pharmaceuticals’ and ‘pharming’ are increasingly reported phenomena involving the non-medical use of prescription (e.g. Keywords: drug abuse prescription drug misuse over-the-counter drug abuse novel psychoactive substances (NPS) pharmacovigilance Originally submitted: 30 March 2020 Revised submitted: 17 August 2020 Accepted for publication: 20 August 2020 Published online: 17 November 2020 doi: 10.1211/PJ.2020.20208538 Pharmacists can prevent and reduce drug abuse, and should be involved in evidence-based actions to detect, understand and prevent drug diversion activities and the adverse effects of drug misuse. Healthcare professionals should be aware of potential prescription drugs diversion, recognise misuse cases, consider the possibility of polydrug misuse, and prevent it where possible. Moreover, possibly resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, drug use habits and availability have changed, causing a shift in behaviours relating to both prescription and OTC medicines. This rapidly changing drug scenario represents a challenge for pharmacy, psychiatry, public health and drug control policies. prescription medicines such as quetiapine, gabapentinoids, Z-drugs, bupropion, venlafaxine and over-the-counter medicines such as loperamide, dextromethorphan, benzydamine, promethazine, chlorphenamine, diphenhydramine and hyoscine butylbromide) that have emerged as misused and diverted, or are already described through the literature, as well as recorded by drug users’ online websites reporting new trends and experimentations of drug abuse. This article provides an overview of the topic, focusing on a range of medicines (e.g. The use of psychoactive pharmaceuticals and ‘pharming’ are new, widespread phenomena involving the non-medical use of prescription and OTC drugs, which are recreationally used to achieve psychoactive effects either on their own or in combination with other substances. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services ResearchĪbstract There have been increasing reports of misuse of a range of prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs for recreational purposes. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 
Antimicrobial resistance and stewardship.
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